Three new anthraquinones from Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum and their protective effects in neuroblastoma cells / 药学学报

Three new anthraquinones were isolated from the 80% ethanol extract of Prismatomeris tetrandra by silica gel, MCI, ODS column chromatography and high performance preparative liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the new compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and other spectroscopic methods as 6-hydroxy-1,2,3-trimethoxy-7-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (1), 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3-trimethoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (2) and 7-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-dimethoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (3). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed protective effects against monosodium glutamate-induced damage in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, with the cell survival rates elevated 18.45%, 4.31%, and 7.65%, respectively.

Long non-coding RNA C2dat1 involved in diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis by influencing CaMK2D/NF-κB signaling pathway / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To study the changes in long non-coding RNA C2dat1 expression in kidney tissues of rats at different stages of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its relationship with renal interstitial fibrosis.Methods:Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups with 24 rats in each group: control group and DKD group. The rats in the control group were fed with ordinary diet, while those in the DKD group were fed with high-fat diet and drank water freely. After eight weeks of feeding, the rats were fasted for 12 h with free access to water. Then, the DKD group was given a one-time intrabitoneal injection of streptozotocin and the control group was given an equal dose of sodium citrate buffer. After 72 h, the random peripheral blood glucose concentration (≥ 16.7 mmol/L for three consecutive days) and urine sugar (positive) were tested to assess the establishment of the diabetes model. Urine, blood and kidney samples were collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The urinary protein excretion rate within 24 h, urinary creatinine and serum total cholesterol were measured by automatic biochemical apparatus. Pathological changes in kidney tissues were observed by HE staining. The expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ delta (CaMK2D), p65, p50, α-SMA and E-cardherin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression of lncRNA C2dat1 and CaMK2D. The relationship of lncRNA C2dat1 with α-SMA, E-cardherin and CaMK2D was analyzed by correlation analysis. In in vitro experiment, renal tubular epithelial cells HK-2 were induced by high glucose. The expression of lncRNA C2dat1 and CaMK2D in HK-2 cells was detected by qPCR after 24, 48 and 72 h of intervention. Results:The rats in the DKD group showed typical symptoms such as polydipsia, polyphagia, significant weight loss and increased blood glucose as compared with the rats in the control group. Results of the biochemical tests revealed that compared with the control group, the DKD group had increased 24 h excretion rate of urinary protein, decreased urinary creatinine and up-regulated total cholesterol. HE staining showed that the rats in the control group had intact glomeruli, normal basement membrane and no mesangial hyperplasia or inflammatory cell infiltration. However, enlarged glomeruli and evenly thickened basement membrane were observed in the DKD group. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression of CaMK2D, p50 and α-SMA was higher in the DKD group than in the control group, while the expression of E-cardherin was lower in the DKD group. qPCR results showed that the expression of lncRNA C2dat1 and CaMK2D at mRNA level was higher in the DKD group than in the control group. In in vitro experiment, the expression of lncRNA C2dat1 and CaMK2D at mRNA level was also higher in HK-2 cells induced by high glucose than in the control group. Correlation analysis indicated that lncRNA C2dat1 was positively correlated with α-SMA and CaMK2D, but negatively correlated with E-cardherin. Conclusions:During the progression of DKD, the high expression of lncRNA C2dat1 might promote diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating the expression of CaMK2D to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Effect of Eltrombopag on Response to Immunosuppressive Therapy in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Non-Severe Aplastic Anemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the efficacy of eltrombopag combined with cyclosporine A (CsA) and CsA alone in patients with transfusion-dependent non-severe aplastic anemia (TD-NSAA).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 76 patients with treatment-naive TD-NSAA in Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University and Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from December 2017 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 45 cases were treated with eltrombopag combined with CsA, and 31 patients with compatible baseline characters were treated with CsA alone. The efficacy of patients between the two groups was compared, and the factors affecting the curative effects were also analyzed.@*RESULTS@#There were significant differences in hematological response (HR) and complete response(CR) rates between the two groups at 3, 6, 12 months, and follow-up endpoint of treatment (P<0.05). With the prolongation of eltrombopag treatment time, the curative effect increased gradually, and the patients achieved more CR and HR rates by the end of the follow-up period. Simultaneously, with the increase in the maximum stable dose of eltrombopag, the HR rate increased gradually. The megakaryocyte count in eltrombopag group was higher than that in control at 6 and 12 months (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the median time of platelet transfusion independence in eltrombopag group was more shorter (P=0.018), and the median platelets transfusion volume was lower (P=0.009). At 3, 6, 12 months after eltrombopag, the change of platelet in eltrombopag group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Analysis of related factors affecting the efficacy showed that sex, age, iron overload, platelet count before treatment had no effect on the efficacy, and the median maximum stable dosage and the administration period for eltrombopag were related to the curative effect. The patients of eltrombopag group experienced adverse events of varying degrees, but the reactions were mild and mostly tolerated.@*CONCLUSION@#Eltrombopag can effectively improve the hematopoietic response and promote platelet recovery for TD-NSAA patients with relatively more residual hematopoietic cells, and it is safe and well tolerated.

1, 25-(OH)2-VitD3 attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting Snail1-SMAD3/SMAD4 complex formation / 细胞与分子免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of 1, 25-(OH)2-VitD3 (VitD3) on renal tubuleinterstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Methods NRK-52E renal tubular epithelial cells were divided into control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose medium treatment), high glucose group (25 mmol/L glucose medium treatment) and high glucose with added VitD3 group (25 mmol/L glucose medium combined with 10-8 mmol/L VitD3). The mRNA and protein expression of Snail1, SMAD3, SMAD4, α-SMA and E-cadherin in NRK-52E cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis respectively. The expression and localization of Snail1, SMAD3 and SMAD4 were detected by immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. The binding of Snail1 with SMAD3/SMAD4 complex to the promoter of Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The interaction among Snail1, SMAD3/SMAD4 and E-cadherin were detected by luciferase assay. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to inhibit the expression of Snail1 and SMAD4, and the expression of mRNA of E-cadherin was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. SD rats were randomly divided into control group, DKD group and VitD3-treated group. DKD model was established by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in DKD group and VitD3-treated group. After DKD modeling, VitD3-treated group was given VitD3 (60 ng/kg) intragastric administration. Control group and DKD group were given normal saline intragastric administration. In the DKD group and VitD3-treated group, insulin (1-2 U/kg) was injected subcutaneously to control blood glucose for 8 weeks. The mRNA and protein levels of Snail1, SMAD3, SMAD4, α-SMA and E-cadherin in renal tissues were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression and localization of Snail1, SMAD3, SMAD4, α-SMA and E-cadherin in renal tissue. Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of Snail1, SMAD3, SMAD4 and α-SMA in NRK-52E cells cultured with high glucose and in DKD renal tissues were up-regulated, while E-cadherin expression was down-regulated. After the intervention of VitD3, the expression levels of Snail1, SMAD3, SMAD4, α-SMA and E-cadherin in the DKD model improved to be close to those in the control group. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Snail1 and SMAD3/SMAD4 bound to CAR promoter IV, while VitD3 prevented Snail1 and SMAD3/SMAD4 from binding to CAR promoter IV. Luciferase assay confirmed the interaction among Snail1, SMAD3/SMAD4 and E-cadherin. After the mRNA of Snail1 and SMAD4 was inhibited by siRNA, the expression of E-cadherin induced by high glucose was up-regulated. Conclusion VitD3 could inhibit the formation of Snail1-SMAD3/SMAD4 complex and alleviate the renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DKD.

Circular RNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ankylosing spondylitis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of closed circular noncoding RNA (ncRNA), mostly formed by back-splicing or alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA). The aim of this study was to explore the expression profile of circRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and discover potential molecular markers of AS.@*METHODS@#The circRNA microarray technology was used to detect the expression of circRNAs in the peripheral blood of 6 patients with AS and 6 healthy controls (HC). To screen the differentially expressed circRNAs by fold change (FC) and P value, these differentially expressed circRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics. In 60 cases of AS and 30 cases of HC, 4 circRNAs were subjected to real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and their correlation with various clinical indicators was analyzed. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze their potential as AS diagnostic markers.@*RESULTS@#The microarray results showed that there were 1369 significantly differently expressed (P  1.5) circRNAs between the AS and HC groups (675 upregulated and 694 downregulated). The results of bioinformatics analysis suggested that they were mainly involved in "enzyme binding," "adenosine ribonucleotide binding," "MAPK signaling pathway", etc. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expressions of hsa_circRNA_001544 (U = 486.5, P < 0.05) and hsa_circRNA_102532 (U = 645, P < 0.05) were significantly different between the AS group and the HC group. The AS group was further divided into two subgroups: active AS (ASA) and stable AS (ASS). After analysis, it was found that compared with the HC group, hsa_circRNA_001544 was significantly increased in both ASA (U = 214, P < 0.05) and ASS groups (U = 273, P < 0.05), while hsa_circRNA_008961 (U = 250, P < 0.05) and hsa_circRNA_102532 (U = 295, P < 0.05) were only significantly increased in the ASA group. Furthermore, hsa_circRNA_012732 was significantly different between the ASA and ASS groups (U = 194, P < 0.05), and there was no statistical significance among the remaining groups. Correlation analysis results showed that hsa_circRNA_012732 was negatively correlated with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and globulin (GLOB) and positively correlated with lymphocyte count (LY), mean corpusular volume, and albumin (ALB), and hsa_circRNA_008961 was negatively correlated with platelet (PLT) count. ROC curve analysis showed that hsa_circRNA_001544 (95% CI = 0.610-0.831, P < 0.05) and hsa_circRNA_102532 (95% CI = 0.521-0.762, P < 0.05) were statistically significant, and their area under curve (AUC) values were 0.720 and 0.642, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are differentially expressed circRNAs in PBMCs of AS patients, and they may be involved in the occurrence and development of AS. Among these differentially expressed circRNAs, hsa_circRNA_012732 has the potential to become an indicator of disease activity, and hsa_circRNA_001544 has the potential to become a molecular marker for AS diagnosis.

Molecular mechanism and therapeutic targeting of necrosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in cardiovascular disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Cell death occurs in various tissues and organs in the body. It is a physiological or pathological process that has different effects. It is of great significance in maintaining the morphological function of cells and clearing abnormal cells. Pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necrosis are all modes of cell death that have been studied extensively by many experts and scholars, including studies on their effects on the liver, kidney, the heart, other organs, and even the whole body. The heart, as the most important organ of the body, should be a particular focus. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the various cell death modes and the relationship between the various mechanisms and heart diseases. The current research status for heart therapy is discussed from the perspective of pathogenesis.

Superiority of motor imagery acupuncture in improving muscle tension for patients with upper limb hemiplegia of stroke in early stage / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To verify the superiority of motor imagery acupuncture in improving muscle tension for patients with upper limb hemiplegia in early stroke.@*METHODS@#A total of 64 patients of stroke hemiplegia with upper limb flaccid paralysis were randomly divided into an observation group (32 cases, 1 case dropped off ) and a control group (32 cases, 4 cases dropped off ). The observation group was treated with motor imagery acupuncture (both acupuncture and motor imagery therapy at affected upper limb were performed).The control group was treated with acupuncture plus motor imagery therapy at affected lower limb, 2 h later after acupuncture, motor imagery therapy was applied to upper limb. Baihui (GV 20) to Taiyang (EX-HN 5) of healthy side, Fengchi (GB 20) and Jianyu (LI 15), Jianjing (GB 21), Quchi (LI 11), Waiguan (TE 5) on the affected side, ect. were selected in both groups, once a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, 4, 8 weeks after treatment, the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) grade and Brunnstrom stage were compared in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the muscle tension of shoulder, elbow and wrist each time point after treatment was increased in the two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Motor imagery acupuncture could promote hemiplegia upper limb muscle tension recovery in patients of stroke hemiplegia with upper limb flaccid paralysis, make the patients gradually shift to the separate fine movement mode, inhibit and relieve the appearance and development of spasm.

Effects of acteoside on the expressions of high mobility group box 1 and nuclear factor-κB in the renal tissues of diabetic nephropathy mice / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of acteoside on the expressions of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy mice.Methods:Among 20 healthy 8-week old C57BL/6J mice, 5 mice were randomly selected as normal control group, the rest were established as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) models by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ, 150 mg/kg). T1DM mice were randomly divided into three groups: 5 mice without treatment, 5 mice treated with acteoside and 5 mice treated with irbesartan. After continuous administration for 8 weeks, serum, urine, and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical, pathological, and related mRNA and protein detection. The renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E cells) were divided into control group (1 g/L glucose), high glucose group (4.5 g/L glucose) and high glucose+acteoside group (4.5 g/L glucose+32 μmol/L acteoside). Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to assess the expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB after 48 hours and 72 hours culturing.Results:Compared with normal control group, blood glucose, 24-hour quantitative urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and blood and urine HMGB1 were significantly increased in model group (all P<0.05), along with interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and messangial matrix expantion, and the expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB were significantly enhanced (all P<0.05). Compared with model group, histopathologic changes were alleviated and the mRNA and protein expression levels of HMGB1 and NF-κB were lower in the acteoside group (all P<0.05), while the blood glucose level was maintained at high level ( P>0.05), excluding reduced quantitative 24-hour urinary protein, BUN, Scr, and serum and urine HMGB1 (all P<0.05). Compared with control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB were increased in high glucose group of NRK-52E cells (all P<0.05). Compared with high glucose group, the mRNA and protein expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB in high glucose+acteoside group were down-regulated (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Acteoside may alleviate the nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy mice by down-regulating the expressions of HMGB1 and NF-κB.

Simultaneous quantitative analyses of six components in Astragalus membranaceus based on HPLC-CAD and quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single-marker / 药学学报

A quantitative analytical method based on HPLC coupled with the charged aerosol detector (CAD) for quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) was established for simultaneous determinations of astragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, formononetin and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan in Astragalus membranaceus. The separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm), with gradient elution using the mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid solution and 0.05% formic acid acetonitrile at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 35 ℃, and the injection volume was 20 μL. For CAD, the drift tube temperature was at 50 ℃. The contents of six components in A. membranaceus were determined by both external standard method (ESM) and QAMS, and then were compared. The results showed that chromatographic peaks were separated well and the linear ranges of astragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan were 0.113-2.250 mg·mL-1, 0.012-0.240 mg·mL-1, 0.004-0.080 mg·mL-1, 0.065-1.300 mg·mL-1, 0.005-0.100 mg·mL-1 and 0.007-0.150 mg·mL-1, respectively. The content ranges of astragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan were 0.306-0.922 mg·g-1, 0.053-0.183 mg·g-1, 0.015-0.092 mg·g-1, 0.069-0.823 mg·g-1, 0-0.098 mg·g-1 and 0.020-0.107 mg·g-1 in 20 batches of A. membranaceus, respectively. Using astragaloside Ⅱ as an internal reference, the relative correlation factors of astragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, formononetin, and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan were calculated as 0.561, 0.835, 0.299, 0.796, and 0.799, respectively. The results were compared with those obtained by the external standard method to verify the feasibility, rationality and repeatability of QAMS method, and there was no significant difference in assay results between the two methods. In conclusion, the QAMS method is accurate and feasible, and could be used to determine the contents such as astragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavan, and it can be used for quality control of A. membranaceus.

Pressure side and tension side comminution of femoral neck cortex are independent risk factors for aseptic necrosis after femoral neck fracture surgery / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the related factors of aseptic necrosis of femoral head after closed reduction and internal fixation of femoral neck fracture.@*METHODS@#From January 2009 to January 2016, 236 patients with femoral neck fracture were treated with closed reduction and internal fixation with 3 hollow lag screws, including 111 males and 125 females, aged from 19 to 89 (50.17±12.88) years. According to the follow-up results, the correlation of aseptic necrosis of femoral head was analyzed. Univariate analysis of age, gender, injured side, body weight, injury mechanism, preoperative waiting time, Garden classification and whether there was comminution of femoral neck cortex was conducted to obtain the independent variables with significant difference. Then binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the independent risk factors of avascular necrosis of femoral head.@*RESULTS@#The average follow-up period of 236 cases was 4.58 years. There were significant differences in the range of injury (24.69% vs. 5.16%, @*CONCLUSION@#High energy injury, preoperative waiting time (>48 h) and comminution of femoral neck cortex were independent risk factors for aseptic necrosis of femoral head. In addition, cortical comminution on the pressure side and tension side of the femoral neck is a strong prognostic risk factor for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, because it indicates a more serious and complex injury mechanism.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor alleviates diabetic kidney disease mouse tubulopathy / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor on tubulopathy in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice.@*Methods@#C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) and DKD model group (n=30), by giving a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 150 mg/kg to establish a DKD model. After established successfully, the mice in DKD model group were randomly divided into DKD group (n=10), benazepril group (n=10) and IGF-1R inhibitor group (n=10). IGF-1R inhibitor group was given intraperitoneal injection of IGF-1R inhibitor (30 mg·kg-1·d-1) and benazepril group was given intraperitoneal injection of benazepril (30 mg·kg-1·d-1). Normal control group and DKD group were given an equal amount of normal saline. After 8 weeks of feeding, mice were euthanatized. Body weight and kidney weight were recorded. Blood, urine and kidney samples were collected. Biochemical tests such as blood glucose and urine albumin were measured by automatic biochemical instruments and albumin excretion rate was calculated. Pathological changes of mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and periodic acid-schiff staining (PAS). Phosph (p) IGF-1R expression level was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.@*Results@#Compared with the normal control group, blood glucose, kidney weight/body weight and urinary albumin excretion rate were significantly higher in DKD group (all P<0.01). In DKD mice, glomerular expansion, tubular stenosis, tubular swelling and tubular atrophy were significantly detected. Meanwhile, the number of proximal tubular epithelial (PTE) cells was decreased, and the renal tubular injury scores, the average glomerular volume, and pIGF-1R protein expression were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the DKD group, albumin excretion rate was significantly reduced (P<0.01), the above pathological changes were alleviated and the effect of IGF-1R inhibitor was more significant. Compared with the DKD group, the pIGF-1R protein expression was reduced in IGF-1R inhibitor group (P<0.05). Compared with the benazepril group, the pIGF-1R protein expression was reduced in IGF-1R inhibitor group (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#IGF-1R inhibitor has better effect than benazepril on alleviating the tubulopathy of DKD mice.

Re-examination of malaria diagnosis in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the re-examination results of malaria cases captured from the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, so as to pro- vide the scientific evidence for improving the malaria control capability in the province. MethodsMicroscopy and nested PCR assay were performed to re-examine the diagnosis of malaria cases registered in the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System in Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, and the coincidences of ma- laria diagnosis and malaria parasite species were evaluated. Results A total of 410 malaria cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2017 to 2019 according to the data retrieved from the National Notifiable Communicable Disease Reporting System. Among the 407 samples re-examined by Hubei Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2019, the diag- nosis 374 malaria cases were confirmed, with an overall coincidence of 91.89% (374/407) for malaria diagnosis and 89.04% (333/374) for parasite species identification. The coincidence rates of malaria diagnosis and parasite species identification were 50.00% to 100.00% and 66.67% to 100.00% in 16 cities (prefectures) of Hubei Province during the re-examinations, which both varied in regions (χ2 = 40.46 and 42.30, both P values < 0.01). The coincidence rates of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale identification were 95.80%, 100.00%, 58.33% and 51.92% during the re-examinations, respectively (χ2 = 76.66, P < 0.01). The consistency rate between microscopic and nested PCR results was 89.83% (362/403). Conclusions The overall diagnostic quality of malaria is high in medical institutions at all levels in Hubei Province; however, the diagnostic capability of malaria remains to be improved in some regions.

Impact of water body environments on the microbial community of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshlands around the eastern Dongting Lake / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects of water body environments on the microbial community of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshlands of the eastern Dongting Lake where natural extinction of O. hupensis snails are found, so as to explore the correlation between the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails and the microbial community in snails. Methods Snails were caged water bodies in the Qianliang Lake marshland (Qianliang Lake regions) where natural extinction of snails was found and in the Junshan Park marshland (Junshan Park regions) in the eastern Dongting Lake for 30 days, and then all snails were collected and identified for survival or death. DNA sequencing of the fungi and bacteria was performed in snails before and after immersion in waters, and the biodiversity and abundance were analyzed. Results The survival rates of O. hupensis snails were 28.0% (70/250) and 64.8% (162/250) in Qianliang Lake regions and Junshan Park regions 30 days after immersion in waters, respectively (χ2 = 81.365, P < 0.01). The number of the fungal community and the biodiversity of the bacterial community were both greater in snails caged in Qianliang Lake regions post-immersion than pre-immersion, and there was a significant difference in the structure of the fungal and bacterial communities. The microbial community with a significant difference included Flavobacteriaceae,which was harmful to O. hupensis snails. Conclusion The water body environment affects the composition of the microbial community in O. hupensis snails in marshlands with natural snail distinction around the eastern Dongting Lake; however, further studies are required to investigate whether the natural distinction of snails is caused by water body environments-induced changes of the microbial spectrum in O. hupensis snails.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor alleviates diabetic kidney disease mouse tubulopathy / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor on tubulopathy in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice.Methods C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) and DKD model group (n=30),by giving a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 150 mg/kg to establish a DKD model.After established successfully,the mice in DKD model group were randomly divided into DKD group (n=10),benazepril group (n=10) and IGF-1R inhibitor group (n=10).IGF-1R inhibitor group was given intraperitoneal injection of IGF-1R inhibitor (30 mg· kg-1· d-1) and benazepril group was given intraperitoneal injection of benazepril (30 mg· kg-1· d-1).Normal control group and DKD group were given an equal amount of normal saline.After 8 weeks of feeding,mice were euthanatized.Body weight and kidney weight were recorded.Blood,urine and kidney samples were collected.Biochemical tests such as blood glucose and urine albumin were measured by automatic biochemical instruments and albumin excretion rate was calculated.Pathological changes of mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and periodic acid-schiff staining (PAS).Phosph (p) IGF-1R expression level was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Results Compared with the normal control group,blood glucose,kidney weight/body weight and urinary albumin excretion rate were significantly higher in DKD group (all P ＜ 0.01).In DKD mice,glomerular expansion,tubular stenosis,tubular swelling and tubular atrophy were significantly detected.Meanwhile,the number of proximal tubular epithelial (PTE) cells was decreased,and the renal tubular injury scores,the average glomerular volume,and plGF-1R protein expression were increased (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the DKD group,albumin excretion rate was significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.01),the above pathological changes were alleviated and the effect of IGF-1R inhibitor was more significant.Compared with the DKD group,the pIGF-1R protein expression was reduced in IGF-1R inhibitor group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the benazepril group,the pIGF-1R protein expression was reduced in IGF-1R inhibitor group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion IGF-1R inhibitor has better effect than benazepril on alleviating the tubulopathy of DKD mice.

Knowledge of schistosomiasis in traditional Chinese medicine / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Schistosomiasis is a modern disease name, but it has been widespread in ancient China and exists in a specific form in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) . The purpose of the paper is to make clear the existing form of schistosomiasis in TCM and infer the prevalence of schistosomiasis in ancient China. The paper focuses on the period when great progress was made on schistosomiasis by TCM, and sums up the understanding of TCM toward schistosomiasis in this period. By studying and analyzing the literature of schistosomiasis in this period, the paper tries to find out the representative Chinese medicine symptom description and TCM "other name" of schistosomiasis, so as to accurately judge whether the relevant description in ancient TCM books and historical documents can provide scientific basis for schistosomiasis. It is important to understand the prevalence and cognition of schistosomiasis in ancient China.

Relationship between natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails and water chemical properties in Eastern Dongting Lake areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the reasons of natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the difference of the water chemical properties between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Three adjoining marshlands in Eastern Dongting Lake areas were selected, one was a snail-breeding marshland, the second was a non-snail marshland, and the third was a boundary zone between them. During the periods of water-rising season, wet season and water-falling season, the water samples from the bottom of 0.5 m were collected by the systematic random sampling method (200 m × 200 m grid method). In addition, the water samples below the surface of 0.5 m were also collected in the wet season. The physicochemical indexes of the sampling water were detected. Results According to the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838–2002), the water quality indicators which were less than the detection limit were Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, S－ and CN－ during the three sampling seasons. The pollutants which were slightly higher than Grade III but lower than Grade IV (Hg ≤ 1 μg/L, TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) were Hg and TP. The pollutants below the Grade III included As and F－. The temperature and pH values were within the Grade III. The oxygen consumption indicators covering DO, COD and BOD in the water-rising season and wet season were within the Grade III, while the value of BOD was beyond the scope of Grade III but was between Grade Ⅳ (≤ 6 mg/L) and Grade V (≤ 10 mg/L) in the water-falling season. The differences of the water pollution indexes between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland were statistically significant, and these indexes included F－, As and pH in the water-rising season (P < 0.05); pH, BOD and Fat the surface layer in the wet season (P < 0.05); F－ at the bottom in the wet season (P < 0.05); TP and F－ in the water-falling season. Moreover, the above-mentioned indexes in the non-snail marshland of Qianliang Lake were higher than those in the snail-breeding marshland of Junshan Park. Thus, F－ was the only index which had statistical differences in every sampling season, and the concentration of F－ at the non-snail marshland was also higher than that at the snail-breeding marshland. In the water-rising season, the pH value at the non-snail marshland exceeded the suitable range for the growth of snails (6.8 to 7.8). Conclusion In the Eastern Dongting Lake area, the high concentration of F－ and pH of water may be responsible for the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails.

Relationship between natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails and water chemical properties in Eastern Dongting Lake areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the reasons of natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the difference of the water chemical properties between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Three adjoining marshlands in Eastern Dongting Lake areas were selected, one was a snail-breeding marshland, the second was a non-snail marshland, and the third was a boundary zone between them. During the periods of water-rising season, wet season and water-falling season, the water samples from the bottom of 0.5 m were collected by the systematic random sampling method (200 m × 200 m grid method). In addition, the water samples below the surface of 0.5 m were also collected in the wet season. The physicochemical indexes of the sampling water were detected. Results According to the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838–2002), the water quality indicators which were less than the detection limit were Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, S－ and CN－ during the three sampling seasons. The pollutants which were slightly higher than Grade III but lower than Grade IV (Hg ≤ 1 μg/L, TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) were Hg and TP. The pollutants below the Grade III included As and F－. The temperature and pH values were within the Grade III. The oxygen consumption indicators covering DO, COD and BOD in the water-rising season and wet season were within the Grade III, while the value of BOD was beyond the scope of Grade III but was between Grade Ⅳ (≤ 6 mg/L) and Grade V (≤ 10 mg/L) in the water-falling season. The differences of the water pollution indexes between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland were statistically significant, and these indexes included F－, As and pH in the water-rising season (P < 0.05); pH, BOD and Fat the surface layer in the wet season (P < 0.05); F－ at the bottom in the wet season (P < 0.05); TP and F－ in the water-falling season. Moreover, the above-mentioned indexes in the non-snail marshland of Qianliang Lake were higher than those in the snail-breeding marshland of Junshan Park. Thus, F－ was the only index which had statistical differences in every sampling season, and the concentration of F－ at the non-snail marshland was also higher than that at the snail-breeding marshland. In the water-rising season, the pH value at the non-snail marshland exceeded the suitable range for the growth of snails (6.8 to 7.8). Conclusion In the Eastern Dongting Lake area, the high concentration of F－ and pH of water may be responsible for the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails.

Comparation of the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor and insulin on renal interstitial macrophage infiltration in mice with type 2 diabetic kidney disease / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective@#To compare the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor and insulin on renal interstitial macrophage infiltration in mice with type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice.@*Methods@#Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were selected. After 1 week of adaptive feeding, 6 rats were randomly selected as the control group. The other mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) after 8 weeks of high-fat and high-sugar feeding. After 72 h, the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) models were successfully established if random blood glucose was greater than 16.7 mmol/L. After 8 weeks, if the proteinuria of DM mice increased, the DKD models were successful. DKD mice were divided into 3 groups by random number remainder method: DKD group (n=6), DKD+insulin group (insulin group, n=6, subcutaneous injection of 1-2 U/d insulin) and DKD+IGF-1R inhibitor (IGF-1R inhibitor group, n=6, administered with 30 mg·kg-1·d-1 IGF-1R inhibitor). They were continuously treated for 8 weeks. Random blood glucose was tested by glucometer. Blood and urine were collected, and biochemical indicators, such as serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and urine protein were measured by biochemical analyzer. Renal pathological changes were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and periodic acid-schiff staining (PAS). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) mRNA and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA were detected by in situ hybridization. The protein expressions of SOCS2, F4/80, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD68 were detected by immunohistochemistry.@*Results@#Compared with the control group, blood glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen and urinary protein excretion rate were significantly higher in DKD mice (all P<0.05), and CD68+ cells number, F4/80+ cells number and the expression of TLR4 in the tubulointerstitial of DKD mice were significantly higher (all P<0.05). After intervention with insulin or IGF-1R inhibitor, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen and urinary protein excretion rate of DKD mice were significantly reduced (all P<0.05). Insulin intervention could significantly reduce blood glucose in mice (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on macrophages. Although IGF-1R inhibitor did not significantly reduce blood glucose, it could significantly reduce the number of CD68, F4/80 positive cells and the expression of TLR4 protein in renal interstitium of DKD mice (all P<0.05). Compared with the DKD group, insulin intervention significantly reduced the expression of IGF-1 protein and mRNA (both P<0.01), and increased the expression of SOCS2 mRNA and protein (both P<0.01). And the expression of SOCS2 protein was correlated with the number of F4/80+ cells in insulin group (R2=0.8461, P=0.005). However, IGF-1R inhibitors had no significant effect on SOCS2 expression, but had better inhibition of macrophage infiltration.@*Conclusion@#IGF-1R inhibitor has a better inhibitory effect on DKD renal interstitial macrophage infiltration than insulin. The mechanism may be related to the fact that IGF-1R inhibitor does not up-regulate SOCS2 expression, whereas insulin up-regulates SOCS2 expression to activate some potential pathways.

Effect and Safety of Guanxinning Tablet () for Stable Angina Pectoris Patients with Xin (Heart)-Blood Stagnation Syndrome: A Randomized, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect and safety of Guanxinning Tablet (, GXN) for the treatment of stable angina pectoris patients with Xin (Heart)-blood stagnation syndrome (XBSS).@*METHODS@#One hundred and sixty stable angina pectoris patients with XBSS were randomly assigned to receive GXN (80 cases) or placebo (80 cases, Guanxinning simulation tablets, mainly composed of lactose), 4 tablets (0.38 g/tablet), thrice daily for 12 weeks. After treatment, an exercise stress test (treadmill protocol), Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome score, electrocardiogram (ECG), and nitroglycerin withdrawal rate were evaluated and compared in the patients between the two groups. Meanwhile, adverse events (AEs) were evaluated during the whole clinical trial.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the time extension of exercise duration in the GXN group increased 29.28 ±17.67 s after treatment (P>0.05); moreover, the change of exercise duration in the GXN group increased 63.10 ±96.96 s in subgroup analysis (P<0.05). The effective rates of angina pectoris, CM syndrome and ECG as well as nitroglycerin withdrawal rate were 81.33%, 90.67%, 45.76%, and 70.73%, respectively in the GXN group, which were all significantly higher than those in the control group (40.58%, 75.36%, 26.92%, 28.21%, respectively, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#GXN was a safe and effective treatment for stable angina pectoris patients with XBSS at a dose of 4 tablets, thrice daily.

Comparation of the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor and insulin on renal interstitial macrophage infiltration in mice with type 2 diabetic kidney disease / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To compare the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor and insulin on renal interstitial macrophage infiltration in mice with type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice. Methods Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were selected. After 1 week of adaptive feeding, 6 rats were randomly selected as the control group. The other mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) after 8 weeks of high-fat and high-sugar feeding. After 72 h, the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) models were successfully established if random blood glucose was greater than 16.7 mmol/L. After 8 weeks, if the proteinuria of DM mice increased, the DKD models were successful. DKD mice were divided into 3 groups by random number remainder method: DKD group (n=6), DKD+insulin group (insulin group, n=6, subcutaneous injection of 1-2 U/d insulin) and DKD+IGF-1R inhibitor (IGF-1R inhibitor group, n=6, administered with 30 mg·kg-1·d-1 IGF-1R inhibitor). They were continuously treated for 8 weeks. Random blood glucose was tested by glucometer. Blood and urine were collected, and biochemical indicators, such as serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and urine protein were measured by biochemical analyzer. Renal pathological changes were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and periodic acid-schiff staining (PAS). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) mRNA and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA were detected by in situ hybridization. The protein expressions of SOCS2, F4/80, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD68 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, blood glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen and urinary protein excretion rate were significantly higher in DKD mice (all P<0.05), and CD68+ cells number, F4/80+ cells number and the expression of TLR4 in the tubulointerstitial of DKD mice were significantly higher (all P<0.05). After intervention with insulin or IGF-1R inhibitor, serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen and urinary protein excretion rate of DKD mice were significantly reduced (all P<0.05). Insulin intervention could significantly reduce blood glucose in mice (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on macrophages. Although IGF-1R inhibitor did not significantly reduce blood glucose, it could significantly reduce the number of CD68, F4/80 positive cells and the expression of TLR4 protein in renal interstitium of DKD mice (all P<0.05). Compared with the DKD group, insulin intervention significantly reduced the expression of IGF-1 protein and mRNA (both P<0.01), and increased the expression of SOCS2 mRNA and protein (both P<0.01). And the expression of SOCS2 protein was correlated with the number of F4/80 + cells in insulin group (R2=0.8461, P=0.005). However, IGF-1R inhibitors had no significant effect on SOCS2 expression, but had better inhibition of macrophage infiltration. Conclusion IGF-1R inhibitor has a better inhibitory effect on DKD renal interstitial macrophage infiltration than insulin. The mechanism may be related to the fact that IGF-1R inhibitor does not up-regulate SOCS2 expression, whereas insulin up-regulates SOCS2 expression to activate some potential pathways.